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Class 10 NCERT Important Questions and Answers
Science Chapter 10 - Carbon and its compounds

Welcome to our AJs Chalo Seekhen. This webpage is dedicated to Class 10 Science Chapter 4 - Carbon and its compounds. Here, you will find a comprehensive collection of important questions and answers that cover the key concepts and topics discussed in this chapter. Whether you're a student looking for exam preparation or a teacher seeking additional resources, our webpage provides a valuable resource to enhance your understanding of the fundamental unit of life, including cell structure, functions, and various types of cells. Dive into our carefully curated questions and answers to strengthen your knowledge and excel in your science studies.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

NCERT Class 10 Science - Important Questions and Answers
Chapter 4 - Carbon and its compounds

    Introduction

    Introduction

    • Last Chapter: Explored important compounds
    • This Chapter: Study more interesting compounds and their properties
    • Focus on carbon, significant in elemental and combined forms

      1. Significance of Carbon
    • Items in last column: Mostly carbon compounds
    • Method to test: Possible discussion with teacher
    • Product of burning carbon compound: Carbon dioxide
    • Test for confirmation: Specific tests available

      2. Carbon in Daily Life
    • Basis for food, clothes, medicines, books
    • Living structures: Carbon-based
    • Earth's crust and atmosphere: Low carbon content (0.02% and 0.03% respectively)
    • Carbon in nature: Meager yet immensely important

    4.1 - Bonding in Carbon : The Covalent Bond

    • Comparison with Ionic Compounds
      • Ionic compounds: High melting/boiling points, conduct electricity in solution/molten state
      • Bonding in ionic compounds explains properties
    • Properties of Carbon Compounds
      • Most are poor conductors of electricity
      • Low melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds
      • Weak forces of attraction between molecules
      • Bonding doesn't produce ions
    • Electronic Configuration of Carbon
      • Atomic number of carbon: 6
      • Distribution of electrons in shells, valence electrons
    • Reactivity of Carbon
      • Tendency to attain noble gas configuration
      • Carbon needs to gain or lose four electrons
      • Difficulty in forming C4– anion or C4+ cation
      • Overcomes by sharing valence electrons
    • Formation of Molecules by Sharing Electrons
      • Carbon shares electrons with other atoms
      • Many elements form molecules by sharing electrons
      • Shared electrons lead to noble gas configuration
    • Example: Formation of Hydrogen Molecule (H2)
      • Hydrogen atomic number: 1
      • Hydrogen requires one more electron to fill K shell
      • Two hydrogen atoms share electrons to form H2 molecule
      • Each hydrogen atom attains electronic configuration of helium, nearest noble gas
    • Single Covalent Bond
      • Shared pair of electrons between atoms
      • Represented by a line between atoms
    • Chlorine Molecule (Cl2)
      • Atomic number of chlorine: 17
      • Electronic configuration and valency
      • Electron dot structure for Cl2 molecule
    • Oxygen Molecule (O2)
      • Formation of double bond in oxygen molecule
      • Oxygen requires two more electrons to complete octet
      • Each oxygen atom shares two electrons with another oxygen atom
      • Structure of oxygen molecule
    • Water Molecule (H2O)
      • Nature of bonding between oxygen and hydrogen atoms
      • Single bonds or double bonds in water molecule
    • Nitrogen Molecule (N2)
      • Atomic number of nitrogen: 7
      • Electronic configuration and combining capacity
      • Formation of triple bond in nitrogen molecule
      • Electron dot structure of N2
    • Ammonia Molecule (NH3)
      • Electron dot structure showing noble gas configuration
      • Bonds in ammonia molecule
    • Methane Molecule (CH4)
      • Carbon is tetravalent, hydrogen is monovalent
      • Sharing of valence electrons in methane molecule
      • Structure of methane
    • Properties of Covalent Compounds
      • Strong bonds within molecules, weak intermolecular forces
      • Low melting and boiling points
      • Poor conductors of electricity due to shared electrons, no charged particles

    Allotropes of Carbon

    • Diamond
      • Carbon atoms bonded to four other carbon atoms
      • Rigid three-dimensional structure
      • Hardest substance known
    • Graphite
      • Carbon atoms bonded to three other carbon atoms in the same plane
      • Hexagonal array, one double bond satisfying carbon's valency
      • Layers of hexagonal arrays stacked on top of each other
      • Smooth and slippery, good conductor of electricity
    • Comparison
      • Different physical properties due to structural differences
      • Chemical properties are the same
    • Synthesis of Diamonds
      • Diamonds can be synthesized from pure carbon
      • High pressure and temperature required
      • Synthetic diamonds similar to natural diamonds
    • Fullerenes
      • Carbon allotropes with unique structures
      • C-60: Carbon atoms arranged in a football shape
      • Named after Buckminster Fuller's geodesic dome
      • Form a class of carbon allotropes




    4.2 - VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON

    • Formation of Covalent Bonds
      • Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons
      • Structure of methane as an example
    • Abundance and Diversity
      • Many things, including humans, are made of carbon compounds
      • Millions of known carbon compounds, outnumbering other element compounds
      • Unique property of carbon
    • Factors Contributing to Carbon's Versatility
      • Nature of the covalent bond
      • Two factors noticed in carbon's case:
        1. Carbon can form long chains and rings
        2. Carbon can bond with other carbon atoms to form stable structures
    • Implications
      • Wide range of carbon compounds with diverse properties
      • Applications in various fields, including biology, chemistry, and industry


    (i) Catenation in Carbon

    • Definition
      • Ability of carbon to form bonds with other carbon atoms
      • Results in large molecules with various structures
    • Types of Structures
      • Long chains of carbon atoms
      • Branched chains of carbon atoms
      • Carbon atoms arranged in rings
    • Types of Bonds
      • Single, double, or triple bonds between carbon atoms
    • Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds
      • Saturated: Single bonds between carbon atoms
      • Unsaturated: Double or triple bonds between carbon atoms
    • Uniqueness of Carbon
      • No other element exhibits catenation to the extent of carbon
      • Silicon forms shorter chains of hydrogen compounds, but they are highly reactive
      • Carbon-carbon bond is strong and stable, leading to a vast number of compounds with many carbon atoms linked together


    (ii) Bonding Capacity of Carbon

    • Valency of Carbon
      • Valency of four allows carbon to bond with four other atoms
    • Types of Bonds
      • Bonds with other carbon atoms or mono-valent elements
      • Compounds with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, and others
    • Properties of Compounds
      • Properties depend on elements other than carbon in the molecule
    • Strength of Bonds
      • Bonds formed by carbon with most elements are very strong
      • Small size of carbon enables strong nucleus-electron attraction
      • Bonds formed by elements with bigger atoms are weaker


    MORE TO KNOW


    Organic Compounds

    • Characteristics of Carbon
      • Tetravalency and catenation
      • Give rise to a large number of compounds
    • Variety of Compounds
      • Many compounds have the same non-carbon atom or group attached to different carbon chains
    • Historical Perspective
      • Initially thought that organic compounds could only be formed within living systems
      • Postulated existence of a "vital force" for synthesis
      • Friedrich Wöhler disproved this in 1828 by preparing urea from non-living sources
    • Scope of Organic Chemistry
      • Organic compounds, except for certain exceptions, continue to be studied under organic chemistry
      • Exceptions include carbides, oxides of carbon, carbonates, and hydrogencarbonates

    Class 9 CBSE Important Questions and Answers Chapter 3 - Atoms and Molecules


    Class 9 NCERT Chapter 3 - Atoms and Molecules AJs Chalo Seekhen Class 9 CBSE Important Questions and Answers Chapter 3 - Atoms and Molecules ajs notes history Chapter 1 ajs class 9 Chapter 3 imp questions important questions notes

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